Beam Pumping Units are surface mechanical drive devices used in oil wells. They work in conjunction with sucker rods and downhole pumps to lift crude oil from the well to the surface.
Artificial Lift
During oilfield development, some fields experience a gradual decline in reservoir energy, reaching a point where natural flow cannot be maintained. Other fields may have low initial reservoir energy or contain heavy oil, preventing natural flow from the start. When wells cannot maintain natural flow, or when production rates are too low despite natural flow, mechanical means must be employed for oil extraction. This method of using mechanical devices for oil production is called Artificial Lift.
Currently, there are many forms of artificial lift. They can be broadly categorized into two types based on whether sucker rods are used to transmit power:
a) Rod Pump Lifting: This method uses sucker rods to transmit surface power to the downhole pump, thereby lifting crude oil to the surface. The main equipment includes Beam Pumping Units with deep well pumps (both conventional and beam-less pumping units) and electric screw pumps.
b) Rod-less Pump Lifting: This method doesn't use sucker rods to transmit surface power. Instead, it uses cables or high-pressure fluids to transmit surface energy to downhole equipment, driving the subsurface unit to lift crude oil to the surface. Currently, the main rod-less pump lifting equipment includes hydraulic piston pumps, electric submersible pumps, and jet pumps.
Classification
Beam Pumping Units can be classified by drive method into mechanical drive pumping units and hydraulic drive pumping units.
Based on their external form and structural principles, they can be classified into conventional pumping units and beam-less pumping units.
The first generation of pumping units is divided into four types: conventional, modified, degenerate beam type, and deviated well type.
The second generation is categorized into four types: high-profile crank type, motor reversing type, mechanical reversing type, and other beam-less types.
The third generation is divided into three types: single-handle type, direct-drive multi-function type, and high-profile workover type.
Variable transmission pumping units are Beam Pumping Units where the conventional belt reducer drive is replaced with a multi-stage belt drive.
Conventional pumping units use a rotating crank, which, through a four-bar linkage mechanism, causes the walking beam and horse head to oscillate up and down, thereby driving the sucker rod string and downhole pump in a reciprocating motion. This type of pumping unit is currently the most widely used in various oilfields.
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